J. B. S. Haldane, born John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, known as Jack, FRS (; 5 November 1892 – 1 December 1964) (but who used 'J. B. S.' in his printed works), was a British-Indian scientist known for his works in: physiology; genetics; evolutionary biology; and mathematics, where he made innovative contributions to statistics and biostatistics. He was son of the equally famous John Scott Haldane. He was a socialist, Marxist, atheist, and humanist whose political dissent led him to leave England in 1956 and live in India, becoming a naturalised Indian citizen in 1961.