The
light-independent reactions of
photosynthesis are
chemical reactions that convert
carbon dioxide and other
compounds into
glucose. These reactions occur in the
stroma, the fluid-filled area of a
chloroplast outside of the
thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the
Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.