Mongol invasions of Georgia and Armenia, then consisting of the
Georgia,
Armenia, and dominated much of the
Caucasus, involved multiple invasions and large-scale raids throughout the 13th century. The
Mongol Empire first appeared in the Caucasus in 1220 as generals
Subutai and
Jebe pursued
Muhammad II of Khwarezm during the
destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire. After a series of raids in which they defeated the Georgian and Armenian armies, Subutai and Jebe continued north to
invade Kievan Rus'. After his empire was destroyed, Khwarazm ruler
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, son of Muhammed II, battled both the Mongols and the Georgians before moving on to challenge the
Seljuks in Anatolia. A full-scale Mongol conquest of the Caucasus and eastern
Anatolia began in 1236, in which the
Kingdom of Georgia, the
Sultanate of Rum, and the
Empire of Trebizond were subjugated, the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and other
Crusader states voluntarily accepted Mongol vassalage, and the
Assassins were eliminated. The Mongols also
invaded Dzurdzuketia, modern-day
Chechnya, but faced continual resistance in that area. After the death of
Möngke Khan in 1259, the Mongol Empire descended into civil war and
Berke of the
Golden Horde and
Hulagu of the
Ilkhanate repeatedly
invaded each other in the Caucasus until the ascension of
Kublai Khan in 1264.