The periods of
Restoration and
Regeneration in
Swiss history last from 1814 to 1847. "Restoration" refers to the period of 1814 to 1830, the restoration of the
Ancien Régime (
federalism), reverting the changes imposed by
Napoleon Bonaparte on the
centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the
Act of Mediation of 1803. "Regeneration" refers to the period of 1830 to 1848, when in the wake of the
July Revolution the "restored"
Ancien Régime was countered by the
liberal movement. In the Protestant cantons, the rural population enforced liberal cantonal constitutions, partly in armed marches on the cities. This resulted in a conservative backlash in the Catholic cantons in the 1830s, raising the conflict to the point of
civil war by 1847.