Associate professor (frequently capitalized as Associate Professor) is an academic title that can have different meanings. In North America and universities elsewhere using the North American system, it is a position between assistant professor and a full professorship. In a number of Commonwealth countries, the title, associate professor, is often used in place of reader, which is used in the United Kingdom and a number of other Commonwealth universities. This usage is typical of universities in Australia and New Zealand, as well as in South Africa, Malaysia and other countries. The title associate professor in those countries, like the title reader, corresponds to a full professorship in North America.