A postdoctoral researcher, post-doctoral researcher or postdoctoral fellow is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD) as part of a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic faculty position. It is intended to carry out research and further deepen expertise in a specialist subject, including integrating a team and acquiring novel skills and research methods. Postdoctoral research is often considered essential while advancing the scholarly mission of the host institution; it is expected to produce relevant publications in peer-reviewed academic journals or conferences. In some countries, postdoctoral research may lead to further formal qualifications or certification, while in other countries it does not.