The
Alchian–Allen effect was described in 1964 by
Armen Alchian and
William R Allen in the book
University Economics (now called
Exchange and Production ). It states that when the prices of two
substitute goods, such as high and low grades of the same product, are both increased by a fixed per-unit amount such as a transportation cost or a lump-sum tax, consumption will shift toward the higher-grade product. This is true because the added per-unit amount decreases the relative price of the higher-grade product.