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First Fitna
The
First Fitna
or
First Islamic Civil War
was a
civil war
within
the early Islamic state
which resulted in the overthrowing of the
Rashidun
caliphs
and the establishment of the
Umayyad dynasty
. It began when the caliph
Uthman ibn Affan
was assassinated by Egyptian rebels
in 656 and continued through the four-year reign of Uthman's successor
Ali ibn Abi Talib
. It ended in 661 when Ali's heir
Hasan ibn Ali
concluded a treaty
acknowledging the rule of
Muawiyah
, the first
Umayyad
caliph.
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