Indian mathematics emerged in the
Indian subcontinent from 1200 BCE until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1600 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like
Aryabhata,
Brahmagupta,
Mahavira,
Bhaskara II,
Madhava of Sangamagrama and
Nilakantha Somayaji. The
decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of
zero as a number,
negative numbers,
arithmetic, and
algebra. In addition,
trigonometry was further advanced in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of
sine and
cosine were developed there. These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.