Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources; Middle Persian: Husro(y)), entitled "Aparvez" ("The Victorious"), also Khusraw Parvez (New Persian: ), was the last great king of the Sasanian Empire, reigning from 590 to 628. He was the son of Hormizd IV (reigned 579–590) and the grandson of Khosrow I (reigned 531–579). He was the last king of Persia to have a lengthy reign before the Muslim conquest of Iran, which began five years after his death by execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with Roman help, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the Achaemenids, conquering the rich Roman provinces of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the Byzantine Empire and struggling against usurpers such as Bahram Chobin and Vistahm.