Russian literature refers to the literature of
Russia and its
émigrés and to the
Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically
Rus', Russian Empire or the
Soviet Union. Roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in
Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.
Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent:
Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé
Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was
Nikolai Gogol. Then came
Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels.
Leo Tolstoy and
Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned. In the second half of the century
Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the "Silver Age" are
Konstantin Balmont,
Valery Bryusov,
Alexander Blok,
Anna Akhmatova,
Nikolay Gumilyov,
Osip Mandelstam,
Sergei Yesenin,
Vladimir Mayakovsky,
Marina Tsvetaeva and
Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as
Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner
Ivan Bunin,
Leonid Andreyev,
Fedor Sologub,
Aleksey Remizov,
Yevgeny Zamyatin,
Dmitry Merezhkovsky and
Andrei Bely.