20th-century art—and what it became as
modern art—began with
modernism in the late 19th century. Nineteenth-century movements of
Post-Impressionism (
Les Nabis),
Art Nouveau and
Symbolism led to the first twentieth-century art movements of
Fauvism in France and
Die Brücke ("The Bridge") in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional
Expressionism. Another German group was
Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"), led by
Kandinsky in
Munich, who associated the
blue rider image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky,
Kupka,
R. Delaunay and
Picabia were pioneers of
abstract (or non-representational) art.
Cubism, generated by
Picasso,
Braque,
Metzinger,
Gleizes and others rejected the plastic norms of the
Renaissance by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image.
Futurism incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery.
Dadaism, with its most notable exponents,
Marcel Duchamp, who rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhibiting
found objects, notably a
urinal, and too
Francis Picabia, with his
Portraits Mécaniques.