French orthography encompasses the
spelling and
punctuation of the
French language. It is based on a combination of
phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of
Old French c. 1100–1200 CE and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years. This has resulted in a complicated relationship between spelling and sound, especially for vowels, a multitude of
silent letters, and a large number of
homophones (e.g.,
saint/sein/sain/seing/ceins/ceint,
sang/sans/cent). Later attempts to respell some words in accordance with their
Latin etymologies further increased the number of silent letters (e.g.,
temps vs. older
tens – compare English "tense", which reflects the original spelling – and
vingt vs. older
vint). Nevertheless, there are rules governing French orthography which allow for a reasonable degree of accuracy when producing French words from their written forms. The reverse operation, producing written forms from a pronunciation, fails with a higher frequency.