The
fugitive slave laws were laws passed by the
United States Congress in
1793 and
1850 to provide for the return of
slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory. The idea of the fugitive slave law was derived from the
Fugitive Slave Clause which is in the
United States Constitution (
Article IV, Section 2, Paragraph 3). It was thought that forcing states to deliver escaped slaves to slaveowners violated
states' rights due to state sovereignty and was believed that seizing state property should not be left up to the states. The Fugitive Slave Clause states that escaped slaves "shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due", which abridged state rights because retrieving slaves was a form of retrieving private property. After the
compromise of 1850, the
Supreme Court made slavery a protected institution and arranged a series of laws that allowed slavery in the new territories and forced officials in Free States to give a hearing to slaveholders without a jury.