Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as
Henry of Winchester, was
King of England,
Lord of Ireland and
Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of
King John and
Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the
First Barons' War. Cardinal
Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by
William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of
Lincoln and
Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by
Hubert de Burgh and then
Peter des Roches, who reestablished royal authority after the war. In 1230 the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son,
Richard, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by
the Church.