Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French, naturalized American painter, sculptor, chess player and writer whose work is associated with
Cubism,
conceptual art and
Dada, although he was careful about his use of the term Dada and was not directly associated with Dada groups. Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with
Pablo Picasso and
Henri Matisse, as one of the three artists who helped to define the revolutionary developments in the
plastic arts in the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture. Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By
World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his fellow artists (like Henri Matisse) as "
retinal" art, intended only to please the eye. Instead, Duchamp wanted to put art back in the service of the
mind.