Orlov (; masculine) or Orlova (; feminine) is a Russian last name shared by the following people:

• Orlov (family), a Russian noble family
• Aleksandr Orlov (disambiguation), several people
• Aleksey Orlov (politician) (b. 1961), Russian-Kalmyk politician
• Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov (1737-1808), Russian military leader
• Alina Orlova, Lithuanian singer-songwriter
• Boris Orlov (1925–1981), Russian painter
• Dmitri Orlov, Russian hockey player
• Dmitry Orlov (disambiguation), several people
• Irena Orlov (b. 1942), Russian-American teacher of piano
• Ivan Orlov (aviator) (1895-1917), World War I flying ace
• Ivan Orlov (philosopher) (1886–1936), philosopher
• Jakob Orlov (b. 1985), Swedish footballer
• Lyubov Orlova (1902–1975), Soviet actress
• Marina Orlova (actress), Russian actress
• Marina Orlova (Internet celebrity), YouTube celebrity philologist
• Mikhail Orlov (athlete) (b. 1967), Russian race walker
• Nikolay Alexeyevich Orlov (1827–1885), Russian diplomat
• Nikolai Andreyevich Orlov (1892–1964), Russian pianist
• Oleg Petrovich Orlov (b. 1953), Russian biologist, post-Soviet human rights activist
• Raisa Orlova (1918-1989), Russian writer and American studies scholar
• Sergey Orlov (sculptor) (1911-1971) Russian sculptor
• Vasily Orlov-Denisov (1775–1843), Russian cavalry general
• Vladimir Orlov (speed skater)  (b. 1938), Russian speed skater
• Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov (1895–1938), Soviet military leader
• Yuri Orlov (b. 1924), Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and a human rights activist