coldness

In statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic beta (or occasionally perk) is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system. Also referred to as coldness, it can be calculated in the microcanonical ensemble from the formula

where k_B is the Boltzmann constant, S is the entropy, E is the energy, V is the volume, N is the particle number, and T is the absolute temperature. It has units reciprocal to that of energy; in units where k_B=1 it also has units reciprocal to that of temperature. Thermodynamic beta is essentially the connection between the information theoretic/statistical interpretation of a physical system through its entropy and the thermodynamics associated with its energy. It express the response of entropy to an increase in energy. If a system is challenged with a small amount of energy, then ß describes the amount by which the system will "perk up," i.e. randomize. Though completely equivalent in conceptual content to temperature, ß is generally considered a more fundamental quantity than temperature owing to the phenomenon of negative temperature, in which ß is continuous as it crosses zero whereas T has a singularity.

Ragdog fue una banda española de rock alternativo. Fue el primer grupo lanzado por Sello Espacio Movistar (SEm), en mayo de 2008, con su primer disco distribuido íntegramente a través de Internet, no existiendo formato físico del mismo (CD, disco de vinilo o casete).

Coldness on Stratovarius-laulaja Timo Kotipellon toinen sooloalbumi. Se julkaistiin Suomessa vuonna 2004 Kotipellon oman High and Loud -levy-yhtiön kautta, ja sijoittui Suomen albumilistalla parhaimmillaan sijalle neljä. Muualla maailmassa albumin julkaisi Century Media lukuun ottamatta Japania, jossa julkaisija oli Avalon. Japanin-painos sisältää bonuskappaleen "Beyond Dreams".