E-Science or
eScience is computationally intensive
science that is carried out in highly distributed
network environments, or science that uses immense
data sets that require
grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the
Access Grid. The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's
Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. E-science has been more broadly interpreted since then, as "the application of computer technology to the undertaking of modern scientific investigation, including the preparation, experimentation, data collection, results dissemination, and long-term storage and accessibility of all materials generated through the scientific process. These may include data modeling and analysis, electronic/digitized laboratory notebooks, raw and fitted data sets, manuscript production and draft versions, pre-prints, and print and/or electronic publications." In 2014, [https://escience-conference.org/ IEEE eScience Conference Series] condensed the definition to "eScience promotes innovation in collaborative, computationally- or data-intensive research across all disciplines, throughout the research lifecycle" in one of the working definitions used by the organizers. E-science encompasses "what is often referred to as
big data [which] has revolutionized science... [such as] the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN... [that] generates around 780 terabytes per year... highly data intensive modern fields of science...that generate large amounts of E-science data include: computational biology,
bioinformatics, genomics" and the human
digital footprint for the
social sciences.