Forced heirship is a form of
testate partible inheritance whereby the
estate of a deceased (
de cujus) is separated into (1) an indefeasible portion, the
forced estate (
Germ Pflichtteil,
Fr réserve,
It,
legittima,
Sp legítima), passing to the deceased's
next-of-kin (
conjunctissimi), and (2) a discretionary portion, or
free estate (Germ
frei verfügbare Quote, Fr
quotité disponible, It
quota disponible, Sp
tercio de libre disposición), to be freely disposed of by
will. Forced heirship is generally a feature of
civil-law legal systems which do not recognize total freedom of testation. Normally, the deceased's estate is in-gathered and wound up without discharging
liabilities, which means accepting inheritance includes accepting the liabilities attached to inherited property. The forced estate is divided into shares which include the share of issue (
legitime or child's share) and the spousal share. This provides a minimum protection that cannot be defeated by will. The free estate, on the other hand, is at the discretion of a
testator to be distributed by will on death to whomever he or she chooses. Takers in the forced estate are known as
forced heirs (Germ
Pflichtteilserben,
Noterben, Fr
réservataires, It
legittimari, Sp
herederos forzosos).