A
large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of
igneous rocks, including liquid rock (
intrusive) or volcanic rock formations (
extrusive), when hot magma extrudes from inside the Earth and flows out. The source of many or all LIPs is variously attributed to
mantle plumes or to processes associated with
plate tectonics. Types of LIPs can include
large volcanic provinces (LVP), created through
flood basalt and
large plutonic provinces (LPP). Eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years, creating volcanic provinces, which coincided with
mass extinctions in prehistoric times. Formation depends on a range of factors, such as continental configuration, latitude, volume, rate, duration of eruption, style and setting (continental vs. oceanic), the preexisting
climate state, and the biota resilience to change.