Paralanguage is a component of
meta-communication that may modify or nuance meaning, or convey emotion, such as
prosody,
pitch,
volume,
intonation etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to
nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed
consciously or
unconsciously. The study of paralanguage is known as
paralinguistics, and was invented by
George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the
Foreign Service Institute of the
Department of State. His colleagues at the time included Henry Lee Smith,
Charles F. Hockett (working with him on using
descriptive linguistics as a model for paralanguage),
Edward T. Hall developing
proxemics, and
Ray Birdwhistell developing
kinesics. Trager published his conclusions in 1958, 1960 and 1961. His work has served as a basis for all later research, especially those investigating the relationship between paralanguage and culture (since paralanguage is learned, it differs by language and culture). A good example is the work of
John J. Gumperz on language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic differences between participants in intercultural interactions. The film Gumperz made for
BBC in 1982,
Multiracial Britain: Crosstalk, does a particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage, and the impact these have on relationships.