The Mattachine Society, founded in 1950, was one of the earliest homophile (gay rights) organizations in the United States, probably second only to Chicago's Society for Human Rights. Harry Hay and a group of Los Angeles male friends formed the group to protect and improve the rights of gay men. Because of concerns for secrecy and the founders' left-wing ideology, they adopted the cell organization being used by the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). In the anti-Communist atmosphere of the 1950s, the Society's growing membership replaced the group's early Communist model with a more traditional  civil rights leadership style and programme. Then, as branches formed in other cities, the Society splintered in regional groups by 1961.