Neo-Orthodoxy can also refer to a form of Orthodox Judaism following the philosophy of "Torah im Derech Eretz", and can additionally refer to the ideas of late 20th century Eastern Orthodox theology, e.g. chiefly by Christos Yannaras

Neo-orthodoxy, in Europe also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology, is an approach to theology in Protestantism developed in the aftermath of the First World War (1914–18). It is characterized as a reaction against doctrines of 19th-century liberal theology and a reevaluation of the teachings of the  Reformation. It is primarily associated with Karl Barth (1886–1968), Friedrich Gogarten (1887–1967), Eduard Thurneysen (1888–1974), Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), Emil Brunner (1899–1966), and Reginald H. Fuller (1915-2007). Barth himself expressed his unease in the use of the term.