Touman (Turkish and Mongolian: Teoman or Tümen, whom we know about from Han-Dynasty histories, which based themselves on documents contemporary with him and write the name as Chinese 頭曼, this spelling Touman coming from the characters' Modern-Standard Mandarin pronunciation), or T'u-man, – was the earliest known Xiongnu chanyu (匈奴單于), reigning from c. 220 to 209 BCE. The name Touman is likely related to a word meaning '10,000, a myriad', which was widely borrowed between language-families in, most plausibly, the order indicated by the following representative list of its forms: Modern Persian (which includes the Tajik and Dari dialects of it) tōmān ~ [https://archive.org/stream/AComprehensivePersian-EnglishDictionary-FrancisJosephSteingass/Francis_Joseph_Steingass_A_comprehensive_Persian-English_dictionary,_Including_the_Arabic_words_and_phrases_to_be_met_with_in_Persian_literature,__1963#page/n342/mode/1up tūmān], Mongolian tümen, Old Turkic tümän, East Tocharian tmāṃ, West Tocharian t(_u)māne, which possibly even includes Old Chinese and later 萬, whose pronunciation is reconstructable as for instance an early Middle Chinese *muanʰ. Note however that our only certain evidence this number-word already existed around and before Touman's life-time would be the Chinese (if it indeed does belong on the list, rather than being an unrelated, similar-looking word); not until many centuries after he lived are the other languages with this word in them first attested. The city of Tumen in south west Siberia is named after him.