National Communism, refers to the various forms in which communism has been adopted and/or implemented by leaders in different countries. In each independent state, empire or dependency, the relationship between class and nation had its own particularities. The Russian Bolsheviks might be considered the first "national communists" in so far as Russian Social Democracy was so markedly different from the European Social Democratic parties. The Ukrainian communists Shakhrai and Mazlakh and then Muslin Sultan Galiev considered the interests of the Bolshevik Russian state at odds with those of their countries. This was followed after 1945 by the Yugoslav communist leader Josip Broz Tito when he attempted to pursue an independent foreign policy.