Analytical psychology or Jungian psychology is a school of psychology that originated from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. Analytical psychology emphasizes the primary importance of the individual psyche and the personal quest for wholeness. It recognizes the importance of the symbolic in human life, and emphasizes such concepts as the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious, the archetype, the complex, the persona, the ego, the shadow, the anima and animus, the self, and individuation. Jung's theories have been elaborated and investigated by such figures as Toni Wolff, Marie-Louise von Franz, Jolande Jacobi, Aniela Jaffé, Erich Neumann, James Hillman, and Anthony Stevens.