"
Duchy of Croatia" (; also "
Duchy of the Croats",
Kneževina Hrvata; "
Dalmatian Croatia",
Dalmatinska Hrvatska; "
Littoral Croatia",
Primorska Hrvatska;
Greek: Χρωβατία,
Chrovatía), was a medieval
Croatian duchy that was established in the former
Roman province of Dalmatia. Throughout its time it had several seats, namely
Klis,
Solin,
Knin,
Biaći and
Nin, comprised the
littoral, or coastal part of today's Croatia and included a big part of the mountainous
hinterland. The Duchy was in the center of competition between the
Carolingian Empire and the
Byzantine Empire for rule over the area. Rivalry with
Venice emerged in the first decades of the 9th century and was to continue for the following centuries. Croatia also waged battles with the
Bulgarian Empire, with whom the relations improved greatly afterwards, and the
Arabs and sought to extend its control over important coastal cities under the rule of Byzantium. Croatia saw periods of
vassalage of the Franks or Byzantines and
de facto independence until 879 when Croatian Duke
Branimir received recognition from
Pope John VIII as an independent realm. The ruling dynasty of Croatia was the
House of Trpimirović, with interruptions by the
House of Domagojević (864–878 and 879–c. 892). The Duchy existed until around 925 when, during the rule of Duke
Tomislav, Croatia became a
kingdom.