The written
history of Afghanistan ( can be traced back to around 500 BCE when the area was under the
Achaemenid Empire, although evidence indicates that an advanced degree of
urbanized culture has existed in the land since between 3000 and 2000 BCE. The
Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up to large parts of Afghanistan in the north, with several sites being known.
Alexander the Great and his
Macedonian army arrived to what is now
Afghanistan in 330 BCE after conquering Persia during the
Battle of Gaugamela. Since then, many empires have established capitals inside Afghanistan, including the
Greco-Bactrians,
Mauryas,
Kushans,
Hindu Shahi,
Saffarids,
Samanids,
Ghaznavids,
Ghurids,
Timurids,
Mughals,
Hotakis and
Durranis.