The phrase
evil empire was first applied to the
Soviet Union in 1983 by
U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities, in calling for a
rollback strategy that would, in his words, "write the final pages of the history of the Soviet Union." The characterization demeaned the
Soviet Union and angered Soviet leaders. According to
G. Thomas Goodnight, the "Evil Empire" speech along with the "
Zero Option" and "
Star Wars" speeches represented the rhetorical side of the United States' escalation of the
Cold War. In the former, Reagan depicted
nuclear warfare as an extension of the "age old struggle between good and evil", while arguing that an increased nuclear inventory as well as progress in science and technology were necessary to prevent global conflict. Through these speeches, the
Reagan administration used
rhetoric to reshape public knowledge about and attitudes toward
nuclear warfare.