Physical vapor deposition (PVD) describes a variety of
vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce
thin films. PVD uses physical process (such as heating or
sputtering) to produce a vapor of material, which is then deposited on the object which requires coating. PVD is used in the manufacture of items which require thin films for mechanical,
optical, chemical or electronic functions. Examples include semiconductor devices such as
thin film solar panels, aluminized PET film for food packaging and
balloons, and coated
cutting tools for metalworking. Besides PVD tools for fabrication, special smaller tools (mainly for scientific purposes) have been developed.