In
chemistry, a
radical (more precisely, a
free radical) is an
atom,
molecule, or
ion that has
unpaired valence electrons. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly
chemically reactive towards other substances, or even towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously
dimerize or
polymerize if they come in contact with each other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.