The Downs are a
roadstead or area of sea in the southern
North Sea near the
English Channel off the east
Kent coast, between the
North and the
South Foreland in southern England. In 1639 the
Battle of the Downs took place here, when the Dutch navy destroyed a Spanish fleet which had sought refuge in neutral English waters. From Elizabethan times, the presence of Downs helped to make
Deal one of the premier ports in England, and in the 19th century, it was equipped with its own telegraph and
timeball tower to enable ships to set their marine chronometers. The anchorage has depths down to 12
fathoms (22 m). Even during southerly
gales some shelter was afforded, though under this condition wrecks were not infrequent. Storms from any direction could also drive ships onto the shore or onto the sands, which—in spite of providing the sheltered water—were constantly shifting, and not always adequately marked. The Downs served in the
age of sail as a permanent base for warships patrolling the
North Sea and a gathering point for refitted or newly built ships coming out of
Chatham Dockyard, such as , and formed a safe anchorage during heavy weather, protected on the east by the
Goodwin Sands and on the north and west by the coast. The Downs also lie between the
Strait of Dover and the
Thames Estuary, so both merchant ships awaiting an easterly wind to take them into the English Channel and those going up to
London gathered there, often for quite long periods. According to the Deal Maritime Museum and other sources, there are records of as many as 800 sailing ships at anchor at one time.