The
Anglo–Spanish War was a conflict between the
English Protectorate under
Oliver Cromwell and Spain, between 1654 and 1660. It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other's commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as
privateering and naval expeditions. In 1655, an English
amphibious expedition invaded Spanish territory in the Caribbean. The major land actions took place in the
Spanish Netherlands. In 1657, England formed an alliance with France, merging the Anglo–Spanish war with the larger
Franco–Spanish War.