Many local variants of the
Greek alphabet were employed in
ancient Greece during the
archaic and
early classical periods, until they were replaced by the classical 24-letter alphabet that is the standard today, around 400 BC. All forms of the Greek alphabet were originally based on the shared inventory of the 22 symbols of the
Phoenician alphabet, with the exception of the letter
Samekh, whose Greek counterpart
Xi (Ξ) was used only in a sub-group of Greek alphabets, and with the common addition of
Upsilon (Υ) for the vowel /u, ū/. The local, so-called
epichoric, alphabets differed in many ways: in the use of the consonant symbols
Χ,
Φ and
Ψ; in the use of the innovative long vowel letters (
Ω and
Η), in the absence or presence of Η in its original consonant function (/h/); in the use or non-use of certain archaic letters (
Ϝ = /w/,
Ϙ = /k/,
Ϻ = /s/); and in many details of the individual shapes of each letter. The system now familiar as the standard 24-letter Greek alphabet was originally the regional variant of the
Ionian cities in Asia Minor. It was officially adopted in
Athens in 403 BC and in most of the rest of the Greek world by the middle of the 4th century BC.