Characteristic of
Christianity in the 19th century were
Evangelical revivals in some largely
Protestant countries and later the effects of modern Biblical scholarship on the churches.
liberal or modernist theology was one consequence of this. In Europe, the
Roman Catholic Church strongly opposed liberalism and "
Kulturkampf" culture wars launched in Germany, Italy, Belgium and France. It strongly emphasized personal piety. In Europe there was a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards
secularism. In Protestantism, pietistic revivals were common.