Donald Redfield Griffin (August 3, 1915 - November 7, 2003) was an
American professor of
zoology at various universities who did seminal research in
animal behavior,
animal navigation, acoustic orientation and sensory biophysics. In 1938, while an undergraduate at Harvard University, he began studying the navigational method of bats, which he identified as
animal echolocation in 1944. In
The Question of Animal Awareness (1976), he argued that
animals are conscious like humans.