The
Greek genocide, part of which is known as the
Pontic genocide, was the systematic ethnic cleansing of the Christian
Ottoman Greek population from its historic homeland in
Anatolia during
World War I and its aftermath (1914–23). It was instigated by the government of the Ottoman Empire against the
Greek population of the Empire and it included massacres, forced deportations involving
death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary execution, and the destruction of
Christian Orthodox cultural, historical, and religious monuments. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Ottoman Greeks died during this period. Most of the refugees and survivors fled to Greece (amounting to over a quarter of the prior population of Greece). Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring
Russian Empire. Thus by the end of the
1919–22 Greco-Turkish War, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had fled or been killed. Those remaining were transferred to Greece under the terms of the later 1923
population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which formalized the exodus and barred the return of the refugees. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including
Assyrians and
Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy.