The
Investiture Controversy or
Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between
Church and state in medieval Europe. In the
11th and
12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European
monarchies. The issue was whether the pope or the monarch would name (invest) powerful local church officials such as bishops of cities and
abbots of monasteries. The conflict ended in 1122, when
Emperor Henry V and
Pope Calixtus II agreed on the
Concordat of Worms. It differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops. The outcome seemed mostly a victory for the pope and his claim that he was God's chief representative in the world. However, the Emperor did retain considerable power over the Church.