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Additional
March 31
English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia
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March 31
Events
307
– After divorcing his wife
Minervina
,
Constantine
marries
Fausta
, the daughter of the retired
Roman Emperor
Maximian
.
627
–
Battle of the Trench
:
Muhammad
undergoes a 14-day
siege
at
Medina
(
Saudi Arabia
) by
Meccan
forces under
Abu Sufyan
.
1146
–
Bernard of Clairvaux
preaches his famous sermon in a field at
Vézelay
, urging the necessity of a
Second Crusade
.
Louis VII
is present, and joins the Crusade.
1492
– Queen
Isabella of Castille
issues the
Alhambra Decree
, ordering her 150,000 Jewish and Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.
1561
– The city of
San Cristóbal, Táchira
is founded.
1717
– A
sermon
on "The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ" by
Benjamin Hoadly
, the
Bishop of Bangor
, provokes the
Bangorian Controversy
.
1774
–
American Revolutionary War
: The Kingdom of Great Britain orders the port of
Boston
,
Massachusetts
closed pursuant to the
Boston Port Act
.
1822
– The
massacre of the population
of the Greek island of
Chios
by soldiers of the
Ottoman Empire
following an attempted rebellion, depicted by the French artist
Eugène Delacroix
.
1854
–
Commodore
Matthew Perry
signs the
Convention of Kanagawa
with the Japanese government, opening the ports of
Shimoda
and
Hakodate
to American trade.
1866
– The Spanish Navy bombs the harbor of
Valparaíso
, Chile.
1877
– The family with
samurai
antecedents that responded to the
Saigo
army in
Oita
Nakatsu, rebels.
1885
– The United Kingdom establishes the
Bechuanaland Protectorate
.
1889
– The
Eiffel Tower
is officially opened.
1899
–
Malolos
, capital of the
First Philippine Republic
,
was captured by American forces
.
1903
–
Richard Pearse
allegedly makes a powered flight in an early aircraft.
1906
– The Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (later the
National Collegiate Athletic Association
) is established to set rules for
college sports in the United States
.
1909
–
Serbia
accepts Austrian control over
Bosnia and Herzegovina
.
1909 – Construction of the ill fated
RMS Titanic
begins.
1910
– Six North Staffordshire Pottery towns federate to form modern
Stoke-on-Trent
.
1913
– The Vienna Concert Society rioted during a performance of modernist music by
Arnold Schoenberg
,
Alban Berg
,
Alexander von Zemlinsky
, and
Anton von Webern
, causing a premature end to the concert due to violence; this concert became known as the
Skandalkonzert
.
1917
– The United States takes possession of the
Danish West Indies
after paying $25 million to Denmark, and renames the territory the
United States Virgin Islands
.
1918
–
Massacre of ethnic Azerbaijanis
is committed by allied armed groups of
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
and
Bolsheviks
. Nearly 12,000 Azerbaijani Muslims are killed.
1918 –
Daylight saving time
goes into effect in the United States for the first time.
1921
– The
Royal Australian Air Force
is formed.
1930
– The
Motion Picture Production Code
is instituted, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in film, in the U.S., for the next thirty-eight years.
1931
– An
earthquake
destroys
Managua
, Nicaragua, killing 2,000.
1931 –
TWA Flight 599
crashes near
Bazaar, Kansas
, killing eight, including
University of Notre Dame
head football coach
Knute Rockne
.
1933
– The
Civilian Conservation Corps
is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
1942
–
World War II
:
Japanese forces invade Christmas Island
, then a British possession.
1945
– World War II: A defecting German pilot delivers a
Messerschmitt Me 262A-1
, the world's first operational
jet-powered
fighter aircraft
, to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands.
1949
– The
Dominion of Newfoundland
joins the
Canadian Confederation
and becomes the 10th
Province of Canada
.
1951
–
Remington Rand
delivers the first
UNIVAC I
computer to the
United States Census Bureau
.
1957
–
Elections to the Territorial Assembly
of the French colony
Upper Volta
are held. After the elections
PDU
and
MDV
form a government.
1958
– In the
Canadian federal election
, the
Progressive Conservatives
, led by
John Diefenbaker
, win the largest percentage of seats in Canadian history, with 208 seats of 265.
1959
– The
14th Dalai Lama
, crosses the border into India and is granted
political asylum
.
1964
– A
coup d'état in Brazil
establishes a
military government
, under the aegis of general
Castelo Branco
.
1966
– The
Soviet Union
launches
Luna 10
which later becomes the first
space probe
to enter orbit around the Moon.
1970
–
Explorer 1
re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.
1979
– The last British soldier leaves the
Maltese Islands
. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).
1980
– The
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
operates its final train after being ordered to liquidate its assets because of bankruptcy and debts owed to creditors.
1985
– The first
WrestleMania
, the biggest wrestling event from the WWE (then the WWF), takes place in
Madison Square Garden
in New York.
1986
– Six
metropolitan county
councils are abolished in England.
1990
– Approximately
200,000 protestors take to the streets
of London to protest against the newly introduced
Poll Tax
.
1991
–
Georgian independence referendum, 1991
: Nearly 99 percent of the voters support the country's independence from the Soviet Union.
1992
– The , the last active United States Navy
battleship
, is decommissioned in
Long Beach, California
.
1994
– The journal
Nature
reports the finding in
Ethiopia
of the first complete
Australopithecus afarensis
skull.
2004
–
Iraq War in Anbar Province
: In
Fallujah
, Iraq, four American
private military contractors
working for
Blackwater USA
, are killed after being
ambushed
.
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