A
Master of Arts (; abbreviated
M.A.,
MA; also , abbreviated
A.M., or
AM) is a type of
master's degree awarded by
universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with the
Master of Science degree. Those admitted to the degree typically study
English,
History, Communication, International Relations, International Business Administration, European Studies or other of the
Humanities,
Philosophy and
Social Sciences; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, in respect of research, or a combination of the two.