Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in
Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by the horror of
World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of
Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief.