Mozhaysk is a
town and the
administrative center of
Mozhaysky District in
Moscow Oblast,
Russia, located to the west of
Moscow, on the historic road leading to
Smolensk and then to
Poland. Population:
History
It was first mentioned in 1231 as an
appanage of
Chernigov; it was named after the Mozhay (Mozhaya) River, whose name is of Baltic origin (cf. Lithuanian
mažoja 'small'). Later it was an important stronghold of the
Smolensk dynasty, at one time owned by
Theodore the Black. The
Muscovites seized it in 1303, but in the course of the following century had serious troubles defending it against
Algirdas of
Lithuania. The principality was usually held by a younger brother of the ruling Grand Duke of Moscow, until the practice was dropped in 1493. In 1562, the
Treaty of Mozhaysk was signed there. Town status was granted to Mozhaysk in 1708. Mozhaysk continued to defend the Western approaches to Moscow during the
French invasion of Russia in 1812 and
World War II (during which it was captured by the Germans on October 16, 1941 and recaptured by the Red Army on January 20, 1942). The
Battle of Borodino took place from the town.