Protein biosynthesis is the process whereby biological
cells generate new
proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via
degradation or
export.
Translation, the assembly of amino acids by
ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of
messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of
transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and
post-translational modification. Protein
biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA).