The
Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899 is the oldest federal environmental law in the
United States. The Act makes it a
misdemeanor to discharge refuse matter of any kind into the
navigable waters, or tributaries thereof, of the United States without a permit; this specific provision is known as the
Refuse Act. The Rivers and Harbors Act also makes it a
misdemeanor to excavate, fill, or alter the course, condition, or capacity of any
port,
harbor,
channel, or other areas within the reach of the Act without a
permit. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 also made it illegal to dam navigable streams without a license (or permit) from Congress; this included for the purposes of hydroelectric generation, at a time when the electric utility industry was expanding rapidly.