Black bile (, ), also
lugubriousness, from the Latin
lugere, to mourn;
moroseness, from the Latin
morosus, self-willed, fastidious habit;
wistfulness, from old English
wist: intent, or
saturnine, was a concept in ancient and
pre-modern medicine. Melancholy was one of the
four temperaments matching the
four humours. In the 19th century, "melancholia" could be physical as well as mental, and melancholic conditions were classified as such by their common cause rather than by their properties.