The term
neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as
social movements, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of
Romanticism. It has been used with reference to late-19th-century composers such as
Richard Wagner particularly by
Carl Dahlhaus who describes his music as "a late flowering of romanticism in a positivist age". He regards it as synonymous with "the age of Wagner", from about 1850 until 1890—the start of the era of
modernism, whose leading early representatives were
Richard Strauss and
Gustav Mahler . It has been applied to writers, painters, and composers who rejected, abandoned, or opposed
realism,
naturalism, or avant-garde modernism at various points in time from about 1840 down to the present.