Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant
specular reflection (still limited by the
index of refraction of the material according to the
Fresnel equations.) In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones) polishing is also able to reduce
diffuse reflection to minimal values. When an unpolished surface is magnified thousands of times, it usually looks like mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those "mountains" are worn down until they are flat or just small "hills." The process of polishing with
abrasives starts with coarse ones and graduates to fine ones.