Sleep deprivation is the condition of not having enough
sleep; it can be either
chronic or
acute. A chronic sleep-restricted state can cause
fatigue, daytime sleepiness, clumsiness and weight loss or weight gain. It adversely
affects the brain and cognitive function. However, in a subset of cases sleep deprivation can, paradoxically, lead to increased energy and alertness and enhanced mood; it has even been used as a treatment for depression (see below). Few studies have compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial sleep restriction. Complete absence of sleep over long periods has not been seen in humans (unless they suffer from
fatal familial insomnia); it appears that brief
microsleeps cannot be avoided. Long-term total sleep deprivation has caused death in lab animals.